Medieval Muslim scientists commonly wrote on a diverse range of subjects. Many dabbled in traditional Islamic theology and jurisprudence as well. Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040) pioneered the scientific method but also wrote on scholastic theology.

Regarding the intersection of the two, he stated: "Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough. For the truths are plunged in obscurity...God, however, has not preserved the scientist from error and has not safeguarded science from shortcomings and faults. If this had been the case, scientists would not have disagreed upon any point of science."